By Brian Harvey
Illustrated with images from Soviet Venus and Mars probes, pictures of spacecraft, diagrams of flight paths and maps of touchdown websites, this ebook attracts on released clinical papers, data, memoirs and different fabric. The textual content experiences Soviet engineering strategies and technological know-how programs, to boot the problems which ruined numerous missions. The program’s medical and engineering legacy is additionally addressed, in the Soviet area attempt as an entire.
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Extra resources for Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy, Prospects
Example text
Calculations of the trajectories for the Mars and Venus windows were done by Mikhail Tikhonravov with the assistance of the leading applied mathematician of the Soviet Union and vice-president of the Academy of Sciences, Mstislav Keldysh. It was soon realized in OKB-1 that the August 1958 Mars target was unrealistic. The 8K72 upper stage, using Kosberg's RD-105, was not ready until 2nd September 1958, when the ®rst moon probe was launched. Kosberg's engine used oxygen and kerosene, had a thrust of 49 kN and a velocity of 3,099 m/sec.
He attracted national attention in 1944 when he managed to reverse-engineer the German V-1 pulse engine cruise missile. From then on, he specialized in cruise, winged and military missiles, becoming chief of his own design bureau, OKB-52 in Reutov in 1955. By 1960, he felt con®dent enough to propose space rockets and rival Korolev and his deputy Vasili Mishin for leadership of the Russian moon programme. Much to Korolev's annoyance, Chelomei attempted a `grand entrance' to the space industry by proposing a series of projects to the political leadership in April 1960, the very time when Korolev was organizing his own plans.
Powerful engines were designed and built by the GDL's Valentin Glushko, who now had his own design bureau, OKB-486. The real breakthrough for the R-7 was that ± in addition to the core stage with four engines (block A) ± four stages of similar dimensions were grouped around its side (blocks B, V, G and D). This was called a `packet' design. Originally an idea of Tsiolkovsky, it was re®ned by Mikhail Tikhonravov in 1947. No fewer than 20 engines ®red at lifto. The side stages (B, V, G, D) dropped o two minutes into ¯ight, block A bringing the payload into orbit.
