By Noam Chomsky
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Extra resources for Powers and prospects : reflections on human nature and the social order
Example text
The second to questions of reference, meaning, intentionality, and the like. Let me begin with simple proposals concerning each of these topics. Both theses should, I think, be uncontroversial, though they are often vigorously denied, sometimes implicitly. I’d like to proceed to contrast them with other theses that are much more far-reaching and significant, and are widely held, though I think untenable. Naturalism and Language–World Relations: Weak and Strong Theses The first of the uncontroversial theses has to do with the first and more general aspect of the topic.
The study of the meaning of expressions should proceed along similar lines, I believe. This does not mean that the study of meaning is the study of use, any more than the study of motor control is the study of particular actions. Usage and other actions provide evidence about the systems we hope to understand, as may information from other domains, but nothing more than that. , must be almost entirely unlearned. We are unaware of what we know without inquiry, and it could well turn out to be inaccessible to consciousness, so that we can learn about it only as we learn about circulation of the blood and visual perception.
An English speaker studying German has to learn about the case system, mostly lacking in English. Sanskrit and Finnish have a richer array, while Chinese has even more meagre resources than English. Or so it appears, on the surface. Work of the past few years suggests that these appearances may be illusions. The languages may have similar case systems, perhaps the same one. There may be a universal morphology after all. It is just that in Chinese (and, mostly, in English) the cases are present only in the mental computations, not reaching the sensorimotor organs, while in German they partially reach these performance systems (and in Sanskrit and Finnish, still more so).
