By Paul Dukes
The advance of Europe speeded up from the center of the 17th century with the formation of the kingdom states and the expansion of empires. by way of the start of the 20th century, eu empires ruled lots of the world's floor - in spite of the fact that, the 2 global wars introduced the continent down from its top of energy. From 1945 to 1989, Europe misplaced its empires and fell less than the impression of the 2 superpowers, the us and the USSR; yet with the decline and fall of the latter, Europe has on account that moved in the direction of a brand new unity.
Paths to a brand new Europe considers the improvement of the continent from its origins via premodern to postmodern instances, and gives a balanced remedy of Europe and of its wider worldwide surroundings. in the total department of East and West Europe, every one part is given due cognizance and Paul Dukes indicates how cultural traditions, in addition to socio-economic changes and realignments of political strength, have developed over the centuries, nonetheless exerting impression as Europe strikes in the direction of harmony after the cave in of the jap bloc and the top of the chilly battle.
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Extra info for Paths to a New Europe: From Premodern to Postmodern Times
Sample text
In common with many other European states, Denmark and Sweden felt the strains of continued warfare to the full. The death of the long-reigning Christian IV of Denmark in 1648 was followed by strong pressure on his heir from the nobility, which was in turn under threat of dissent from below. The crisis in Sweden was made more serious by the strong will of Queen Christina, a young girl at the death of her father Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 but by now very much her own woman, almost, according to ORIGINS: EUROPE BEFORE 1648: MID-CENTURY CRISIS some evaluations, her own man.
Spain entered the war officially in the summer of 1673, after which the struggle increasingly took on the complexion of the old rivalry between Bourbon and Habsburg. The ‘many heads’ in Great Britain had ‘no heart’ for the war, from which Charles II was obliged to withdraw in 1674, by which time the French forces were making fresh advances towards the Rhine and across it. The conflict widened to the Baltic Sea as France’s ally Sweden struggled with Denmark for dominance over Scania, the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and with Brandenburg–Prussia for Pomerania on the Baltic’s southern shore.
It had become less the arena in which the great states of Europe fought out their rivalries, while none of its several parts had yet asserted complete independence from them. Venice attempted to hold on to Crete and other Mediterranean possessions without much Christian support against Ottoman Muslim encroachment; Piedmont tried without much initial success to emulate in miniature the achievement of THE FRENCH CHALLENGE: RESPONSES EAST AND WEST, 1648–1721 France; the papacy could not retain its former moral and political influence.
