By S. Dhein
Crucial verbal exchange mechanism among cardiac cells is electric transmission through low resistance pathways, the so-called hole junction channels. This e-book presents a complete assessment of what's recognized approximately cardiac hole junctions. An advent into a few of the facets of activation propagation and coupling within the center is through an in depth description of the constitution and variety of hole junctions, together with amino acid sequences and species variability. next chapters talk about their distribution, body structure and capabilities and the law of expression. the writer then is going directly to placed those easy findings right into a medical context - the alterations of hole junction distribution during cardiac affliction and their implications. yet another bankruptcy offers pharmacological methods to the modulation of hole junction channel conductivity and descriptions attainable healing concepts. the ultimate a part of the e-book describes the tools of research together with double cellphone voltage clamp, immunohistochemistry, isolation tactics for hole junctions and dye coupling assays.
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Additional resources for Cardiac Gap Junctions: Physiology, Regulation, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology
Example text
1995a] Kwak et al. [1995a] Kwak et al. [1995a] ! 0 0 0 Crow et al. [1990] 0>No effect; permeability > as assessed by dye coupling; gj>assessed by measurement of electrical coupling; 1>additional conductance state observed; 2>shift to lower conductance values of the frequency distribution of Cx43 conductances; 3>small conductances favored; 4>frequency of 61 and 89 pS conductance reduced; 5>frequency of 140–150 pS conductance reduced. , 1984]. , 1989]. In addition to the effect of cAMP or PKA activation alone, different and more complex actions have been observed if such a manipulation is carried out at elevated intracellular calcium concentrations [DeMello, 1991].
Crow et al. [1990] described phosphorylation of Cx43 at tyrosine residues in mouse fibroblasts after transfection with Rous sarcoma virus. , 1992]. e. 5 pS [Kwak and Jongsma, 1996]. Similarly, Moreno et al. [1994b] observed two conductance states in SKHep1 cells transfected with human Cx43 of 60–70 and 90–100 pS. Depending on the phosphorylation, either the state of smaller or greater conductance was favored. Intracellular injection of alkaline phosphatase preferably led to channel conductances of about 100 pS, whereas inhibition of phosphatases with okadaic acid gave priority to 60 pS events.
The absence of dye transfer in cells only expressing Cx45 was not influenced by 8-Br-cAMP (PKA activation), TPA (PKC activation) or 8-Br-cGMP (PKG activation). PKC activation by TPA, however, reduced the frequency of 140- to 150-pS conductances in Cx26 transfectant and favored the smaller conductance state of Cx43 channels along with a decrease in the relative frequency of 61- and 89-pS events. This complicated behavior may eventually account for the diversity of results being reported in the literature.
