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10. Apoptosis. Meiosis. Necrosis. Auxotophy. Metaplasia. For answers, please see Appendix: Answers to multiple choice questions, page 313. CH A PTE R 3 1 Biochemistry and metabolism General principles ‘Biochemistry is the science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reactions. Anything more than a superficial comprehension of life—in all its diverse manifestations— demands a knowledge of biochemistry’ (definition from Harper’s Biochemistry 25th edn).
The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized as a series of short (Okazaki) fragments. 33, p. 65, by permission of Oxford University Press. The M phase (comprising around 10% of the cell cycle duration) is divided into four phases on the basis of chromosome morphology and is the part during which nuclear division occurs (Fig. 5). Chromatin first condenses to reveal discrete chromosomes (prophase), after which the nuclear membrane disintegrates as the chromosomes align on the equator of the nuclear spindle (metaphase).
Chromosomes now form tight clusters at the cell poles, the nuclear membrane is reformed and chromosome condensation is reversed to yield chromatin (telophase). Cytokinesis follows, in which the cell membrane is constricted to form a cleavage furrow by a contractile ring of cytoskeletal filaments. The ring progressively constricts until a residual midbody is formed, which is then cleaved to produce two separate diploid daughter cells. Some chemotherapeutic agents act by destabilizing microtubules of the nuclear spindle.
